With traits like these, is it any wonder the Labrador Retriever is the most popular breed of dog in the world? Since 1991, the Labrador Retriever has been the most popular registered breed in the United States, as well. They are gentle, affable and intelligent and considered by many to be the perfect family pet. They’re also known for their working ability and are the most popular breed of working and guide dog in the United States, as well!

With good medical care and proper feeding, you can expect your Lab to live upwards of 13 years. It is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems… but, like other full-breed dogs, they are susceptible to certain inherited disorders, particularly those of the hip, elbow and knee. While not as common in Labs as in other breeds, dysplasia is also a concern.

Labs are somewhat prone to dysplasia of the hip and elbow, especially in larger dogs. Indeed, hip dysplasia is the most common genetic problem affecting dogs of all breeds. Canine hip dysplasia is a general term for the malformation of the hip joint that eventually leads to arthritis. This malformation occurs when the two parts of the hip joint – the ball (femoral head at the top of the upper leg bone) and socket (the “dented” area of the pelvic structure) are misaligned or misshapen. Dogs suffering from dysplasia are not as active as they could be due to significant pain. Often, the only cure for dysplasia is costly surgery to replace the dysplastic hip joint.

Labs also suffer from the risk of knee problems. A “luxating patella” is a common occurrence in the knee that results in the leg being “bow “shaped. This abnormality can cause abnormal wear and tear on the joint, resulting in the development of painful osteoarthritis for some Labs.

The only way to decrease the prevalence of these disorders is through conscientious breeding practices. However, even the most vigilant breeders cannot eliminate these genetic disorders altogether. There’s no way of knowing whether an animal will develop a joint disorder later in life.

Regular trips to the veterinarian can play an important role in early detection and early treatment of problems. Unfortunately, the most commonly prescribed treatment for animals suffering from genetic disorders such as hip dysplasia is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As in humans, these medications provide temporary relief by decreasing inflammation, but not without a host of potential side effects.

There is an alternative, however.

Supplementation with glucosamine and chondroitin – the natural building blocks of healthy cartilage – offers relief from pain with long-term healing and little risk of side effects. Like NSAIDs, glucosamine and chondroitin decrease inflammation but they also give damaged joints the raw materials needed to build new cartilage, resulting in true relief from pain.

Syn-flex for Pets offers a high-grade liquid glucosamine formula designed to give your pet maximum relief in minimum time. Some satisfied owners report significant improvements in their pets in less than two weeks of use! Synflex (Syn-flex) is a safe, effective, inexpensive, and administering a dose to your pet is as simple as pouring a small amount in a dish or over his/her food.

Working Principle Of PCL Series Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher

 The materials fall into the crusher and be divided into two parts. One part goes into the high-speed-running impeller of the machine, and the other part goes around the impeller of the PCL Crusher. The two parts materials fast bump and crush during the effect of centrifugal force. Then the materials run like swirl, bump and rub to each other again and again. The finished products go out from the bottom of the machine, and users can get the requested products size after screening by vibrating screen.

Features Of The PCL Series Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher in my company:

1. Simple structure and low investment cost.

2. High efficiency and low consumption.

3. Scaleboard of the impeller is easy in maintenance and seldom damaged.

4. With the function of fine crushing and coarse grinding.

5. Slightly influenced by the moisture content of the material. The max moisture content is 8%.

6. Suitable for crushing materials of middle hardness and high hardness.

7. Cubic shaped finished products, high density of piling up and low iron pollution.

8. Working noise < 75db, and less dust pollution.

Main Specifications Of PCL Series Vertical Shaft Impact Crusher:

  Model

Impeller Speed (rpm)

Max. Feeding size (mm)

Capacity (t/h)

Motor Power (kw)

Weight (t)

Overall Dimension (mm)

PCL-600

2000-2600

30

12-30

2×30

5.6

2800×1500×2030

PCL-750

1500-2500

35

25-55

2×45

7.3

3300×1800×2440

PCL-900

1300-1700

40

50-80

2×55

12.1

3750×2120×2660

PCL-1050

1100-1450

45

70-120

2×110

16.5

4480×2450×2906

PCL-1250

950-1200

45

80-160

2×132

22

4563×2650×3176

PCL-1350

800-1200

50

120-220

2×160

26

5340×2940×3650

You need to change your diet which would have an immense effect on the way you look. When you cancel out oily and fatty foods from your meals you would observe that your skin has become more smooth and clear without any acne problem. Sugar and also fats when are consumed heavily can give you horrible acne problem. You need to completely eliminate it from your diet and instead add some herbal tea or green drink which would help you to get a much a clearer skin.

Acne treatment is basically understanding your own body and then feeding it the right nutrition. If you want to know more about natural acne treatment then you must understand that fresh fruits and vegetables are very important for your healthy skin. The best form is to eat them raw without mixing it with any other thing. This way you would be detoxifying your system and flushing out all the impurities from your body. These are some of the best natural acne treatment that you can acquire for yourself instead of going for medications.

The most important thing in acne treatment is to keep your internal system clean from all kinds of impurities which would not let acne problem to appear. For this reason you should not be constipated and your bowel movement should be regular. You can also take some herbal supplement to clean out your system from time to time.

As far as natural acne treatment is concerned you can use many domestic products to keep your face clean and free from oil. If you would not clean your facial skin regularly then your skin problem might get worse.

A pulverizer is a mechanical device for the grinding of many different types of materials. For example, they are used to pulverize coal for combustion  in the steam-generating furnaces of fossil fuel power plants.

A ball mill is a pulverizer that consists of a horizontal rotating cylinder, up to three diameters in length, containing a charge of tumbling or cascading steel balls, pebbles, or rods.

A tube mill is a revolving cylinder of up to five diameters in length used for fine pulverization of ore, rock, and other such materials; the material, mixed with water, is fed into the chamber from one end, and passes out the other end as slime.

This type of mill consists of two rings separated by a series of large balls. The lower ring rotates, while the upper ring presses down on the balls via a set of spring and adjuster assemblies. The material to be pulverized is introduced into the center or side of the pulverizer (depending on the design) and is ground as the lower ring rotates causing the balls to orbit between the upper and lower rings. The pulverized material is carried out of the mill by the flow of air moving through it. The size of the pulverized particles released from the grinding section of the mill is determined by a classifer separator.

Similar to the ring and ball mill, this mill uses large “tires” to crush the coal. These are usually found in utility plants. MPS MILL The MPS mill is classified as an air-swept, pressurized, vertical spindle, table/roller mill. It contains an integral classifier, a grinding section, a windbox (plenum), and auxiliary components. (Figure 1) Frequency converted electric drive Raw coal is gravity-fed through a central feed pipe to the grinding table where it flows outwardly by centrifugal action and is ground between the rollers and table. Hot primary air for drying and coal transport enters the windbox plenum underneath the grinding table and flows upward through a swirl ring having multiple sloped nozzles surrounding the grinding table.

Gathered the knowledge of Nutrition From here,Visit

http://www.dietbuzzer.com/blog/what-you-should-do-to-lose-weight.html

Whenever I get together with friends, the conversation frequently turns to the woes of getting older.  Talk quickly moves from lighthearted banter to tips for breezing through your next colonoscopy, new injuries to body parts we never knew existed, or a pitch for the newest vitamin regimen.  The reality is that we all want to live a long time, just as long as we’re relatively healthy.  While there are no guaranties, there are some things you can do to stack the deck in your favor.  Here is a list, in no particular order, compiled from what I’ve learned from my patients, Chinese medicine, the scientific community, and some just plain common sense:

Get enough sleep. Your body rejuvenates, heals, and recharges while you sleep.  Go to bed with enough time to get seven to eight good hours.  Slow down before trying to sleep.  If you struggle with insomnia, get some help.  Ahem…acupuncture is pretty effective in treating sleep problems.

 Laugh. It feels good, it’s invigorating, and actually releases chemicals in your brain that are good for your health.

 Go outside. Get in touch with the nature around you.  This is the foundation of Chinese medicine, in which the natural world is reflected in your body.  Slow down in the winter, eat new green shoots in the spring, be especially active in the summer, and check out your locally harvested produce in the fall (well, all year round.)  Know also, that extreme weather conditions have the ability to make you sick, whether it’s a dry sore throat in the fall or heat exhaustion in the summer.

Quit smoking. Okay, duh.  This may seem obvious, but if you’re a smoker, quitting now is the single most important step you can take to improve your health and increase your life span.

Make sure you’re getting enough Vitamin D. Vitamin D may sound like the magic supplement du jour, but D boosts immunity, helps with depression, and offers a whole host of health benefits.  And most of us aren’t getting enough. You can get your serving of D through 15 minutes of direct sunlight, or by supplementing with Vitamin D3.  Those of us who live near the northern ends of the earth may not be able to get adequate D from the sun year round.  So think about supplementing if you own and use long underwear more than a few times a year.

Exercise. I can’t say this enough.  It’s the fountain of youth if there were such a thing.  Physical activity keeps your heart and lungs in shape, your muscles toned, your bones strong, your butt tight, and studies are indicating that it also may slow or reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s and dementia.

 Exercise your mind, too. Play word games, do puzzles, or learn a new language.  The adage “use it or lose it” also applies to your mind.

 Change the behaviors that are making you sick. You know stress, junk food, and toxic relationships aren’t good for you.  If you want to feel good and live long, now’s the time to jettison those negatives in your life.

Stand up straight! Poor posture can mess with your digestion and breathing, and can give you back and neck pain.  Stand and sit tall; your body will thank you.

 Eat for good digestion. In Chinese medicine, your digestion is every bit as important as what you’re eating.  You can eat the healthiest foods on the planet, but if you don’t digest them well, you might as well be doing the drive through at Burger Doodle.  Slow down, chew your food, and avoid the rich and greasy chow.  Choose more cooked vegetables than raw, and go easy on the frozen foods and drinks.

Get regular health screenings. You can laugh all you want at your friends’ colonoscopy stories, but you had better be keeping up with your own.  Make sure you’re getting regular mammograms, Pap tests, blood pressure checks, mole screenings, etc. based on the guidelines for your age and risk factors.

 Calm down. The Chinese say that the emotions are the cause of 100 diseases. That means that staying angry at your obnoxious neighbor or stressing out about a nosy co-worker will only make you sick. Do whatever it takes to defuse and de-stress.

 Almost anything is okay—in moderation. According to Chinese medicine, a little sweetness may help your digestion, but eating a half of a cheesecake is a toxic food bomb.  In the same vein, the right amount of exercise is good for you, but too much can cause your body to break down.  Too much of anything over time can be damaging, so aim for variety.

 Garden. Whether it’s a stretch of your back yard or containers on your balcony, growing your own vegetables outside is beneficial on so many levels.  You’re getting the best kind of exercise, you’re connecting with nature, you’re growing your own organic food (if you lay off the pesticides), and you have the joy of going out your door to pick something you’ve grown yourself.

 Get in touch. Connect with your sense of purpose through journaling and self-exploration, connect with others in social situations, and connect with the divine through prayer and meditation.  In Chinese medicine, connection feeds your heart, which is the home to your soul.

Eat for the long run. Eat breakfast, don’t skip meals, and get a little protein at each meal.  Try to get a variety of colorful foods into your diet each day, especially the darkly colored fruits and vegetables.  Strive for a diet made up of lots of veggies, some whole grains, a little protein, a little fruit, and small amounts of everything else (Okay, maybe not hydrogenated oils or high fructose corn syrup, but mostly every thing else.)

 Just breathe. Breathing deeply opens up your lungs, oxygenates your brain for mental focus, and wards off fatigue and anxiety.  In Chinese medicine, your lungs are an important component in immunity, so strong and healthy lungs translate into a strong ability to fight off colds and flu.  Try taking a deep breath to the count of four, holding it for the count of seven, and releasing it to the count of eight.

 Just say no. The ability to prioritize your life and say no to some of those annoying and unimportant things you don’t want to do and don’t really have to do is incredibly freeing.  It helps decrease that stressful feeling of being overwhelmed, which can be exhausting and depleting.

 Cultivate compassion. By being kind to others, you’re being kind to yourself.  Kindness is embodied by generosity and service to others.  Compassion and kindness dissolve anger, annoyance, and competition—all feelings which diminish both the quality and length of your life.

Cook and eat with joy. It has been said that how you approach food mirrors how you approach life.  Do you approach eating and life with joyfulness or do you worry about every little thing you do and eat?  Lovingly prepare your meals, sit down, and share them with people you love—as often as possible.

Listen to your body. Your body is infinitely wise.  It knows what it needs, how to heal, and how to signal you when it’s in trouble.  Listen to those little signs; headaches at work, an upset stomach when you’ve eaten poorly, an achy lower back, or fatigue.

 Indulge in your passion. This is simple.  Figure out what you like to do, and figure out how to do it more often.

Go green. The cosmetics you put on your body and the products you use to clean your home have the ability to either enhance or harm your health.  Become savvy about what’s in your shampoos, lotions, bathroom cleaners, etc., and if the ingredients are sketchy, find cleaner, greener alternatives.

 Live in the moment. We spend most of our time rehashing the past or fixated on some future event.  The reality is that the only moment that’s real is right now.  Impatience means that we’re anxious to move onto the next thing—the next moment; however that next thing is a moment like this one.  Slow down and enjoy right now.

Here are healthy diet tips that infants should eat:

1.Infants need milk that is rich in iron. So a goat’s milk, evaporated milk or a cow’s milk is never an alternative option for infants. Besides, these types of milk are harder to digest.

2.If you will not breastfeed and want to result in using formulated infant’s milk, it is best to check the nutritional value. Never settle for formulated milks that have low iron content. Iron helps babies to grow healthy.

3.Never give soda, fruit juices, baby fruit juices, tea or coffee. Stick to breast milk or formulated infant milk.

4.Always check the formulated infant’s milk if it is pasteurized. This assures you that all kinds of germs are killed.

5.Never give honey, raw eggs, or corn syrup. These contain germs that can harm your infant.

6.Never add anything on your breast milk like cereal or natural juices. These can alter the frequency of your baby’s feeding. It can also cause your baby to gain weight very fast, which is not normal.

Remember that breast milk is always best for infants. It can keep your baby from getting sick. It provides more antibodies.

Your baby should be feed when he acts hungry like crying. Infants are usually fed every three hours. Remember that babies need to be fed 8 to 12 times within the 24 hours time.

For formula milk, there are different kinds of formula milk for infants now days. There ready to drink milk that do not require mixing and there are also in powdered form. Be sure to follow the instruction on how to mix the formula. It is also best to boil the water that you will use for mixing if you opt for powdered milk.

District livestock Service Jhapa reported the incidence of syndrome similar to be as described as Degnala disease. A total 56 cattle were affected out of which 12 of them died during treatment with antibiotic and other supportive medicine. On field observation  in outbreak area all sick animals were having hypernic moist eczematous lesion in all over the body ,and on the tail, thigh, legs , udder ,testicle with normal temperature and apitite.All the animals showing the symptoms were diagnosed as suffering from Endemic Moist Eczematous syndrome and were provided treatment with antidegnala liquor and penta sulphate .

Review of Literatures:

Facial eczema is a disease of sheep and cattle which occurs in warmer districts of the North Island during late summer and autumn and is responsible for serious production losses in some years. It is caused by a fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, which proliferates on dead plant material in pasture under warm, humid conditions. The minute spores of this fungus contain a substance, sporidesmin, which produces severe toxic effects in the liver. The appearance of livers of affected animals varies, according to the severity of the damage, from slight mottling with light patches to gross discoloration, distortion, and atrophy of large areas (Dr Marjorie). Frequently the severely damaged portions are surrounded with new liver tissue. As a result of this damage the functions of the liver are impaired. Blockage of bile ducts may prevent the excretion of waste substances in the bile; for example, accumulation in the fat and skin of bile pigments, derived from the normal breakdown of old red corpuscles, produces the jaundice or yellow staining commonly seen in the carcasses of affected sheep. Of particular importance is the loss of ability to excrete the substance phylloerythrin. This is formed in the digestive tract of ruminants through the degradation of chlorophyll and is absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver, where it is normally excreted in the bile. If this excretory mechanism is upset, phylloerythrin passes into the bloodstream which supplies the whole of the body( Norman Trevor). Phylloerythrin belongs to a class of flourescent pigments which are capable of making the skin sensitive to sunlight, causing reddening, intense itching, swelling, and scab formation. It is these effects, generally showing on the face of affected animals but also on other unpigmented skin exposed to light, such as the teats and udders of cows, which give rise to the popular name “facial eczema”. These skin effects are, however, secondary to the much more serious impairment of liver function.The fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, grows only on dead or dying plant tissues, not on the living leaf. Hence the amount of the fungus in a pasture is related to some extent to the amount of this dead material, or litter, present. Growth of the fungus, and its production of spores, is strongly influenced by climate and environmental factors. Temperature, humidity, and the time during which the litter remains wet appear to be particularly important. This explains the typical, although not invariable, association of the disease with a period of warm, wet weather, often following a dry spell during which grass growth has ceased and litter has accumulated in the herbage.The toxic substance, sporidesmin, has been isolated from cultures of the fungus and its chemical structure determined. A single dose of one-thousandth of an ounce is sufficient to kill a lamb of about 60 lb live weight. Sporidesmin itself does not appear to accumulate in the liver, but its effects are cumulative, so that repeated small doses are as effective as a single large dose. Even with a single dose, the full sequence of changes takes some time to develop. Hence photosensitisation usually does not occur until 10 to 14 days after the animal received the toxin, and it may be even further delayed. Both the chemical nature of sporidesmin and its effects on tissues present unusual features which have not yet been fully studied.Facial eczema (FE) is a type of sunburn (sometimes called photosensitisation) affecting exposed areas of pale skin of cattle. It is caused by a poisonous substance called “sporidesmin” that causes liver damage. Sporidesmin is produced on pasture plants, including rye grass, by a fungus called Pithomyces chartartum. This fungus is widely distributed and occurs naturally within dead plant material at the base of standing pasture.
FE has been recorded in sheep and cattle on mainland south eastern Australia. Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis ) is known to exist in Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala Deg in Pakistan (Shirlaw 1939). A widespread occurrence of the disease has been reported from rice growing areas of Indo-Pakistan (Irfan, 1971; Kalra et al., 1972; Irfan and MaqboolA, 1986) which caused considerable economic losses.

Signs of disease

The disease may be seen in stock between several days and several weeks following pick-up of sporidesmin from the pasture. The toxin is absorbed from the intestine and reaches the liver, where it causes severe damage to bile ducts and liver cells. All the outward signs of FE result from the liver damage caused by sporidesmin.
The signs of FE range from mild photosensitization (sunburn) to severe jaundice and death, depending on the amount of sporidesmin consumed. Sunburn is the most consistent sign, and usually affects the exposed areas of the skin of the face, ears, teats, and vulva, and areas of skin lacking dark pigmentation, ie. areas covered by white hair. The skin over these areas becomes reddened, and then goes crusty and dark. It eventually peels off leaving large raw areas, which are susceptible to infections. The sunburn is often accompanied by watery swelling of the underlying tissues. Jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes) is often seen at this stage.Affected animals lose weight rapidly. Most animals recover from the acute phase, but tend to be unthrifty, often taking many months to regain condition. Some never recover, and either die or are culled. In dairy cattle, the udder and teats are often severely affected, and milk production drops sharply. Loss of weight and general illness are often severe, and death, although uncommon, can occur up to months after the initial liver damage occurs. Clinical Symptoms observed are initial dullness, lethargy and anorexia ,Variable onset of jaundice and photosensitization . some animals may die without either being observed ,photosensitization: sheep – non wool skin including muzzle, ears, face, escutcheon cattle – non black pigmented areas including teats, deer – generalized, some animals develop chronic ill-thrift ,some progress to a hepatic encephalopathy dullness, depression tremor, recumbency (Norman Trevor)

Epidemiology:

Animal factors.sheep, cattle, deer susceptible,horses resistant ,

Plant/environmental factors,fungus grows on the dead leaf litter of pasture ,most frequent pasture is perennial rye grass, but can occur on other species ,requires warmth and humidity to promote rapid fungal growth and sporulation ,typical weather conditions involve autumn break rains after dry summer, several days of consistent warmth (TºC>15.5ºC) and high humidity (>80%) ,fungus concentrates toxin in spores which may be distributed throughout whole pasture sward most toxic part of pasture is base of sward .

Occurrence

Outbreaks typically occur when weather conditions suitable for rapid fungus growth and spore production are combined with abundant dead, recently killed plant material, which favours fungal growth. The fungus requires warm, humid weather and light rain (or irrigation) for growth. This is most likely to be a problem in autumn when the summer has been hot and dry, the pasture well eaten back, and rains fall when the ground is still warm. In such conditions both pasture and grass grow rapidly.
The fungus producing sporidesmin is normally not visible to the naked eye. It multiplies by producing millions of spores which are coated with the toxin sporidesmin. Freshly produced spores are the most toxic; if fungal growth stops after a change in the weather, the residual spores on the pasture lose their toxicity within one or two weeks.

The fungus will grow on most pasture plants, but it grows best on perennial ryegrass. It grows in the dead pasture litter at the base of the plants. When the fungus reaches toxic levels, animals grazing short pasture at high stocking rates are at greatest risk.

Objective of Investigation:

 (A) Ascertain the exact cause of the Syndrome.

(B) Evaluation of Mycobiota of rice straw fed to cattle in the area.

(C) Evaluation of Hematological parameters of clinical and post-treated animal.

(D)Evaluation of the treatment with Antidegnala liquor/penta sulphate for systemic mycoses

Dry skin with moist lesion in thigh region of cattle(1)

Clinical Pathology: clinical picture

Generalized hyperemic moist eczema (2)

Hyperemic moist eczematous lesion on face and neck(3)

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case pre-treatment:

Species of animal

RBC

WBC

PCV%

HB

OX

4*10 millionmmc

7.2*10 mm3

23

7.6

C.calf

4.6*10 millionmmc

8.2*10 mm3

28

9.3

C.calf

4*10 millionmmc

7.8*10 mm3

24

8

C.calf

4.5*10 millionmmc

8.2*10 mm3

27

9

Normal

5*10millionmmc

4-12*10mm3

28-42

8.5-13.5

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case post treatment:

Species of animal

RBC

WBC

PCV%

HB

Ox

7.2*10 millionmmc

4.6*10mm3

28

9.3

Ox

8.5*10 millionmmc

5*10mm3

30

10

Calf

9*10 millionmmc

5.5*10mm3

33

11

Calf

8.6*10 millionmmc

5*10mm3

30

10

Ox

7.9*10 millionmmc

4.8*10mm3

29

9.6

B.bull

9.5*10 millionmmc

6*10mm3

36

12

Normal

5*10millionmmc

4-12*10mm3

28-42

8.5-13.5

Mycobiota of Straw and fodder forage:

Revealed the growth of fungus Penicillium spp in mycological medium on laboratory culture

Treatment provided

Use of 5% of Anti-Degnala liquor 5-19ml s/c or i/m alternate day 4 times a week has been found to be successful. Alternately orally use of Penta-sulphate were given.

Conclusion:

The disease is strongly associated with the feeding of rice straw containing multiple dark specks. This observation is concurs with the findings of earlier researchers (Irfan and Maqbool 1986) who reported that fungal infested straw and fungal mats of various species in different combinations, when mixed with fresh non-infested rice straw, produced the disease. Saprophytic fungi infesting rice straw produce mycotoxin possessing vasoconstriction, which produces the lesions of the disease (Irfan et al., 1984). The greater severity of the disease in buffaloes as compared to that in cows may partly be due to the high susceptibility of this species. Therapeutic trials with an antidote (a penta-sulphate mixture) given orally, and a vasodilator (nitroglycerin ointment) applied locally on the lesions effected the highest percentage (90%) cure rate. This cure rate was in a broad agreement with the findings of Schontal (1980) who reported a cure rate of 80% with a penta-sulphate mixture. Same way in this observation it was observed the entire animal which was treated with injection of anti Degnala liquor followed by penta sulphate recovered completely. Same way there was marked increase in total WBC count ,and decrease in PCV and Hb during clinical phase of syndrome on treatment there was marked increase of both PCV and Hb and increase in RBC count and normal WBC count also support that this syndrome was attributed by infestation of fungus on rice straw which was fed to these animals. If proper management of dry forage during rainy season carried out it can minimize the loss due to endemic moist eczematous syndrome. Further more if timely treatment of  animal is if initiated with use of anti Degnala liquor or with penta sulphate will minimize the losses need to be looked into

References:

·        Facial Eczema :  last published on 16 June 2007 by the Department of Primary Industries and Water. ·        Facial eczema (FE) by Dr Marjorie Orr – veterinarian, veterinary pathologist and lifestyle farmer

·         FACIAL ECZEMA:Methods of Prevention: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

·         FACIAL ECZEMA:Sheep and Cattle Disease: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

·        Facial eczema of sheep and cattle:Robin van der graaff,Attwood May,1998 AGO0822,Information note,Department of primary industries, © The State of Victoria, 1996 – 2007.This document was published on 31/05/2006 12:48:13.

·        Facial Eczema Production Animal Clinical Toxicology ·        ARORA, S. P. (1980): Use of radioactive selenium for studies on Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 9, 11-13.

·        IRFAN, M. (1971): The clinical picture and pathology of Deg Nala disease in buffaloes. Vet. Rec. 88, 422-424.

·        IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL (1986): Studies on Deg Nala disease in cattle and buffaloes. Pak. Vet. J. 6, 87-93.

·        IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL, M. ASHFAQUE (1984): Importance of moulds, fungi and mycotoxin in food and feeds. Pak. Vet. J. 4, 187-192.

·        KALRA, D. S., K. C. BHATIA, O. P. GAUTAM, M. V. S. CHAUHAN (1972): An obscure disease (possibly Deg Nala disease) in buffaloes and cattle. Studies on its epizootiolgy, pathology and etiology. Haryana Agri. Univ. J. Res. 2, 256-264.

·        SHIRLAW, J. E. (1939): Deg Nala disease of buffaloes. An account of the lesions and essential pathology. Indian Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 9, 853-864. ·        SCHOENTAL, R. (1980): Save your animals from Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 92, 27-28.

Acknowledgements:

 I like to make my Acknowledgements To Dr.Poornima Manandhar SVO/Chief of Central Vet.Laboratory,Dr Dilip Sapkota Svo/Chief of District Livestock Service Jhapa for their contribution in collection of required sanples and information during disease outbreak and follow up treatment.As well I like to Acknowledge to Mr Prakash Devkota,Mr.Bal Bahadur Kunwar Vet.Tech C.V.L and Mr.Yam B.Subba Vet.Tech. D.L.S.O JHAPA for their help in respective field and laboratory work